Drugs for pain relief is divided into two groups, namely, analgesics and anesthetics. Analgesics are pain relief without total loss of sensation. someone who had used analgesics remain in a state of consciousness. Analgesics do not always eliminate the pain, but always to relieve pain.
There are several types of anesthesia cause loss of consciousness, while other types of pain as a body part and the user to stay conscious.
[Change] Type of anesthesia
Some types of anesthesia are:
General anesthesia – the total loss of consciousness
Local anesthesia – loss of feeling in a particular area you want (in a small area of the body).
Regional anesthesia – loss of sensitivity on the part of the largest in the body by selectively blocking on the spine or nerve tissue associated with it
Local anesthesia or local anesthesia is a type of anesthesia is only partially paralyze the human body and human beings without causing loss of consciousness. Drugs when used in this type of surgery, then after the end of the operation will not create a long recovery time of the operation.
[Edit] Anestesiologis with four sets of activities
Anesthesia performed by physicians or anestesiologis anesthetist. Surgeons Anesthesiology plays a vital signs monitor patients every time there is a change that requires immediate treatment.
Four sets of activities that are a daily activity anesthesiologists are:
Maintain airway
Provide ventilation
Help cardiac compression when closing
Promotes blood circulation
Continued operation of the patient’s brain.
[Edit] History of anesthesia
Ether ([CH3CH2] 2o) is one of the substances that are widely used as an anesthetic in medicine today. Ether, a chemical found Spanish, Raymundus Lull in 1275. Lull ether called “sweet vitriol.” Ether was first synthesized Cordus Valerio, scientists in Germany in 1640. Then a scientist named WG Frobenius change the name “sweet vitriol” in 1730 ether. Before the discovery of ether, Priestly discovered nitrous oxide gas in 1777, after two years from the finding that, Davy describes the use of nitrous oxide in pain.
Before 1844, natural gas ethers or oxides of nitrogen are widely used to celebrate. They called this substance “laughter” of gas, since the effects of inhalation of this gas makes people laugh and forget everything.
The use of ether or nitrous oxide as a pain medicine really began Horace Wells since 1844. As a dentist, he experimented with nitrous oxide as an analgesic for the patient when deprived of their teeth. Unfortunately their efforts to establish a medical student John C. Warren at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston has failed, even insulted. Their continuing efforts William Thomas Green Morton.
Morton is a fellow dentist who could open a closet with Horace Wells in 1842. Born in Charlton, Massachusetts, USA August 9, 1819. At 17 he moved to Boston to entrepreneurship. A few years later to take a course in dentistry at the Faculty of Dental Surgery in Baltimore. Morton continued his studies at Harvard in 1844 to obtain a medical degree. However, due to the difficulty of loading, which did not continue. In the same year he married Elizabeth Whitman and reopen the practice of the teeth. It focused on the creation and installation of false teeth and tooth extraction. A job that requires a form of pain.
Morton suggests the use of nitrous oxide gas in practice, like Wells. Then he asked for nitrous oxide gas for Charles Jackson, a renowned chemist at Harvard Medical School. But Jackson suggested, instead of ether as a substitute for nitrogen oxide gas.
Morton is the effect of ether anesthesia is stronger than nitrous oxide gases. Even in 1846 Morton demonstrated the use of ether in surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital. Warren physicians when patients are ready, Morton published the ether gas (or gas called letheon) that were packed in a bag attached to a gas appliance, like a mask. Few patients with tumors that have lost consciousness and fell asleep. Dr. Warren skillfully exploited the tumor and remove it from the patient’s neck until the transaction is completed without any hindrance.
On October 16, 1846 became a historic day for the medical world. Morton’s successful demonstration and enable the use of ether as an anesthetic in large scale. Revolution as the beginning of surgery and ether anesthesia is used today. It is not the first to use anesthesia, but thanks to the world renowned usahanyalah anesthesia care. Morton entered the room, if the 100 most influential people in world history in a book written by William H. Hart a few years ago.
In the background, behind the success of anesthesia in anesthetized patients, the inventor and creator of the anesthetic agent was drugged his greed to own and profit from patents that have been used during anesthesia and doctors in all regions of the world.
Feud took place between Morton, Wells, and Jackson. Each anesthetic agent is the claimed invention. In several places, a physician named Crawford W. Long used ether as an anesthetic since 1842, four years before Morton, published for the public. He had used ether in any surgery. Unfortunately, not been published, the practice of their patients. Although three doctors and scientists who at first are the three friends began a large head, doctors still practicing surgeon of Long.
Wells, Morton and Jackson has spent his life for the world’s recognition that the substance of anesthesia is the result of its findings. Morton, twenty years of spending time and money to promote its findings. He was in trouble, even if it had registered its patent rights in the institutions of the United States Patent (U.S. Patent No. 4848. November 12, 1846). When, in 1847, the medical world knows that the substance used was ether, which has been used since the 16th century, Morton does not have a sound legal basis to take advantage of its patent. Jackson also said he is also entitled to discovery.
When the French Academy of Medicine assigned a value of 5,000 francs Monthyon in 1846, Morton refused to share with Jackson. Claims, the invention is yours. Meanwhile, Wells tried to experiment with other substances (chloroform) and anesthesia equipment.
Over the years, Morton has spent time and materials for their claims. He started out rather than clinical care of the teeth. Morton died July 15, 1868 at the age of 49 years at St. Luke’s Hospital in New York. So too with Jackson, who died in a state of madness and Wells, who died in a tragic suicide. (Marthaningtyas Goddess: “Laughing Gas Emergency anesthetized patents” Horizons, 2005).
[Edit] The use of anesthetic drugs
In anesthetized patients, anesthesiologists provide drugs (injections, inhalation or oral), whose aim is to relieve pain (analgesic), sleep and peace (paraytic drugs). Assuming that the three types of drugs known as triangulation.
Currently, there are several drugs used in anesthesia such as:
Thiopental (first use in 1934)
intravenous benzodiazepines
Propofol (2,6-di-isopropyl-phenol)
Etomidate (one derifat imidazole)
Ketamine (derifat piperidine, also known as “Angel Dust” / “PCP (Phencyclidine)
Halothane (d Charles W. Suckling 1951, 1956 James Raventos)
Enflurane (1963, 1972), isoflurane (1965, 1971), desflurane, sevoflurane
The new synthetic opioid opioids – fentanyl (d 1960 Paul Janssen), alfentanil, sufentanil (1981), remifentanil, meperidine
Neurosteroids
[Edit] Symptoms of consciousness (awareness)
Often, the patient was able to feel and be aware of the influence of narcotic drugs is not working effectively. Statistically, Dr. Peter Sebel, an anesthesiologist at Emory University, Time cited the publication November 3, 1997 revealed that 20 million patients who undergo surgery annually in the United States, 40,000 people experience symptoms such sober. To overcome this problem, the annual meeting in October 1997, the American Association of Anesthesia medical experts offered a device called the Bispectral Index Monitor, which will give a warning that patients who underwent surgery before symptoms awareness or awakening from sleep. Discoverer tool is dr. Nassib Chamoun, a neurologist (neurologist) in Jordan. Using the principles of operation of existing instruments, namely, devices called EEG (electroencephalogram). Tools that Dr . Chamoun has been able to control the electrical potential generated by the activity of “human brain tissue.”
This tool can show the degree of prior restraint of a patient undergoing surgery. The number “100″ indicates a patient in a state of mindfulness. If the needle indicates the number “60″, a patient in a state of “ready for surgery.” The number “0″ indicates a patient experiencing a state of coma “deep.”
By observing the degree of knowledge of this tool, doctors may add anesthetic anesthesia when needed, or provide the maintenance dose for patients who have had ideal conditions for surgery. In addition, surgeons can operate safely completed according to plans that have been specified.
[Edit anesthesia techniques] Elections
selection techniques of anesthesia is a complex issue that requires the consent and knowledge of the patient and surgical factors. In certain groups of patients, regional anesthesia was better than neuraksial total.Blokade anesthesia can reduce the risk of venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, transfusion, pneumonia, respiratory depression, myocardial infarction and kidney failure.
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